ABSTRACT
This review evaluates the state of academic literature on disaster resilience and sustainability of incarceration infrastructures, focusing on engineering and architecture. The increasing frequency and intensity of climate crises, including global pandemics and ecological disasters, and the rise of mass incarceration around the world makes such a review timely. We conducted six targeted searches to identify relevant journal articles and two additional searches for literature on resilience and sustainability of schools for comparison. We present data on the results for all search categories, including search terms and qualitative interpretation of the literature. For three of our searches, we present metadata on the specific intersection with incarceration infrastructures investigated, type of facility, and location. We supplement our database search with governmental and nongovernmental agency publications. The results of our search demonstrate a dearth in academic research published at the intersection of incarceration, disaster resilience, and sustainability. This gap in the literature signals a lack of attention and knowledge about the ways researchers and practitioners as well as governmental agencies can predict and mitigate the impact of disasters on incarcerated people's lives. Overall, this paper offers an introduction on the topic of resilience and sustainability of engineering and architectural design for incarceration infrastructure, as well as future areas for additional research including how engineers and architects can engage with questions of prison abolition and justice.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In January 2020, a new coronavirus was identified as the source of a newly developing type of pneumonia (COVID-19) in China. The number of infected people has been rising swiftly throughout the world since then and it has been reported to affect multiple systems apart from causing usual atypical pneumonia, one of which being the cardiovascular system. The underlying mechanism leading to cardiac injury has been hypothesized to be linked to a cytokine storm with unbalanced response to T-cell subtypes or secondary hemophagocytic lympho-histiocytosis, direct cardiac injury through viral myocarditis or cardiomyopathy through the ACE2 receptor, oxygen supply/demand imbalance with or without coronary artery disease, hypoxemia, and positive pressure ventilation leading to increased right ventricular afterload due to respiratory acidosis. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old female with a non-notable medical history presented to the emergency department with the chief complaint of dyspnea, fever and chills, severe dry coughs, and diarrhea. COVID-19 was confirmed by chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Due to high troponin levels, echocardiography was done, indicating that the patient had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction with multiple large Left Ventricular (LV) clots, but she had no lesions in coronary angiography. Conclusions: The pathological mechanism by which SARS-COV-2 causes viral myocarditis is still uncertain. However, it may result in cardiac injury via multiple mechanisms. COVID-19 may also predispose the body to thromboembolism in different ways. The current data suggested the existence of a hyper-coagulability state in patients with COVID-19 and endotheliitis could explain the reason why these patients seem more prone to venous and arterial thrombosis. However, further studies are needed to determine the other causes of the cardiovascular complications of COVID19.